It is not known how many died. In 1916 some three-quarters of the ammunition manufactured in the United States and destined for the Allied armies on the Western Front shipped from there. They also knew Rintelen planned a return to Germany using a fake Swiss passport bearing the name Emil V. Gasche.
Both men used pseudonyms, moved around frequently and were suspected of involvement in the bomb plots on the West Coast. It, coupled with continued fears of German sabotage and espionage, helps to explain, though does not excuse, the wave of anti-German sentiment that soon swept the country. Security guards rushed to evacuate Ellis Island, fearing that cinders from the explosions might set the immigrant dormitories on fire. Others attempted to fight the fires and eventually called the Fragments from the explosion traveled long distances, some lodging in the Soon after the explosion, suspicion fell upon Michael Kristoff,The United States did not have an established national intelligence service, other than diplomats and few military and naval attaches,The Statue of Liberty's torch has been closed to the public since the explosion due to structural damages.The Black Tom explosion resulted in the establishment of domestic intelligence agencies for the United States.The incident also influenced public safety legislation.On July 30, 1916 the Black Tom munitions depot exploded rocking New York Harbor and sending residents tumbling from their beds. World War II: German Saboteurs Invade America in 1942.
Post by Alixanther » 23 Dec 2003, 05:24 This will hit two birds with the same stone... Objectivity would be truth, or merely … Americans felt they faced a real and present danger from Germany—not overseas, but at home.Wilson was soon out of options, and his cabinet was finally in unanimity about the need to enter the war.
17 posts 1; 2; Next; Alixanther Member Posts: 410 Joined: 04 Oct 2003, 05:26 Location: Romania. American investigators had already tied him to both the passport-fraud scheme and a plan to buy property on the Atlantic seaboard where the Germans could install artillery batteries in preparation for a potential German amphibious landing. Notably, Tunney named his task force the Bomb and Neutrality Squad.The German ambassador, the likeable and pro-American Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff, denied the existence of any plot, claiming these actions were those of individuals not connected to the German embassy.
By the end of 1942 around 200,000 partisans were attacking factories, military installations, railroads and bridges. The operation was named by Admiral Wilhelm Canaris, chief of the German Abwehr, for Francis Daniel Pastorius, the leader of the first organized settlement of Germans in America. Property damage was later estimated to exceed $20 million (more than $400 million in 2013 dollars).Given the risk of further explosions, the authorities’ first concern was to minimize further loss—not to investigate the cause of what was then the costliest manmade disaster in American history.
After Black Tom they went to the Southwest and spent time in Mexico, where both had contacts in the Huerta government.As the investigation continued to turn up leads but no arrests, Wilson’s neutrality policy collapsed. Hughes, while anxious to attack Wilson’s record on domestic affairs, had to be careful to dissociate himself from the pro-intervention agenda of Roosevelt and his supporters.
The blast shattered windows in lower Manhattan and along the Jersey waterfront and awakened people as far away as Maryland and Philadelphia. Anti-spy hysteria fueled public fear and anger regarding the acts of German saboteurs.
(Library of Congress) Operation Pastorius was a failed German intelligence plan for sabotage inside the United States during World War II.The operation was staged in June 1942 and was to be directed against strategic American economic targets. Still, few Americans gave it much thought, despite its prime location near the Statue of Liberty and lower Manhattan.To German agents active in the New York City area, however, Black Tom became an obsession. According to historians, the Germans sabotaged the Lehigh Valley munitions depot in order to stop deliveries being made to the British who had blockaded the Germans in Europe.
Destruction near the blast epicenter was so complete that investigators had trouble collecting forensic evidence. Officials later checked the structural integrity of the nearby Brooklyn Bridge and closed the Statue of Liberty’s shrapnel-scarred torch arm to tourists.
According to his interrogator, they simply had a policeman burst into the interrogation room and shout, American agents had also been following two other Germans: former naval attaché Karl Boy-Ed, the son of a Turkish sailor and a well-known German novelist, and Wolf von Igel, Papen’s chief assistant and successor. More and more the Black Tom explosion was looking like a deliberate act of terror.One man, New York City Police Department inspector Thomas J. Tunney, had an idea who might have been behind the brazen and dastardly sabotage at Black Tom.
Some guards fled, fearing an explosion.
He did so, and a confiscated briefcase full of his papers (stolen, he claimed, by British agents) showed the Americans had been right to suspect him. Boy-Ed, compromised by the evidence in Papen’s papers, also left the United States.Papen and Boy-Ed left Igel in charge of the financial network that paid for these operations.
The rotation of the propellers mixed certain chemicals and thus ignited the bombs, which disabled or sank the ships.
A stained-glass window at Our Lady of Czestochowa Catholic church memorialized the victims of the attack.Stained-glass windows from inside Our Lady of Czestochowa Catholic Church in Jersey City, NJ. Boy-Ed was a flashy and suave epicure well known to many in the New York elite.
Normandy. There Igel, who had been deeply involved with the rudder bomb plot, continued to run a ring of German agents.
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