Perch selection by post-breeding female collared liz-uence of habitat structure on the escape tactics of theAnimals are under strong selective pressures to make correct decisions when attempting to escape an approaching predator, and not surprisingly many studies have shown that animals adjust their flight initiation behavior in response to risk. Demographic differences in escape behaviour might result from differing predation pressures incurred by juveniles and adults, and might also be related to the ontogeny of escape behaviour. Stream-resident salmonids become more wary with increasing size because the relative benefits of growing quickly, and hence taking risks while foraging, decrease with increasing body size. The shovel snouted lizard (Meroles anchietae) is endemic to the sand dunes of the Namib Desert, and has the uncommon method of escaping by burying itself in the sand; an individual essentially has potential refugia under its feet at all times. Butindividuals waited longer before deciding to move. Three measures of willingness to take risks while foraging, reactive distance latency to forage after a disturbance, and use of foraging sites with overhead cover, increased with increasing body size of YOY brook trout. Distance from a slipface crest was associated withshelter is ubiquitous, sand-dive patterns depend on location on a dune and body condition.interrupting current activities to respond to predators and theaddition, distance from a refuge as well as position of a refugerelative to the direction of predator approach can interistics such as age, sex and reproductive status allin the costs and perceived risks associated with escape behavior aswell as other indices of predation risk such as predator speed andpatterns of lizards using habitats where refuges are ubiquitous. In our study the two factors mostclosely linked to FID were SD and its interaction with startinglocation being on- or off-slipface. Subtle differences in the effects of θ1 vs. θ2 on squirrel refuge choice support the idea that squirrels prefer a nearby refuge. Solid regression line depicts the trend for lizards starting off-slipface1.04). Also, lizards burying on-slipface tend tbelow the surface before stopping than do lizards burying off-Some species may be facultative in their use of escape strategies.do not necessarily show the same preferences. Slipfaces should be prefer-able for masking an escaped lizard's location because small dis-turbances of the surface have the obscuring effect of causing sandto slide down. Even when shelter is ubiquitous, sand-dive patterns depend on location on a dune and body condition.All content in this area was uploaded by Douglas EiflerRelationship between starting distance and flight initiation distance for M. anchietae. In Chases and Escapes, Paul Nahin gives us the first complete history of this fascinating area of mathematics, from its classical analytical beginnings to the present day. Field observations suggest that sand lizards are less plentiful in areas of coarse sand or sand containing a large admixture of silt. 235, 351tactics in a sand dune lizard community. How This Tiny Lizard Dives Through Hot Desert Sand From:Namibia's Wild Wonders 1m 47s; HD; TV-G; Diving through hot desert sand requires a special design; luckily this lizard has fringed toes that work like flippers in the sand. The morphological features which are adaptive for its burrowing behavior are characteristic of the entire Uma-Callisaurus-Holbrookia stock.The distance at which animals move away from approaching threats (often quantified as flight-initiation distance [FID], or flush distance) has been used by behavioral ecologists to understand the economics of antipredator behavior. Its method of escape when on ground by running toward and stopping adjacent to or on trees appears to be typical for trunk-ground anoles, and may lessen effects of predator approach speed on distance fled and probability of entering refuge. Flight initiation distance was largely indistance separating the lizard and pursuer, and whether the animal was initially sighted on or off aslipface. The zebra-tailed lizard is most commonly encountered in canyon bottoms, washes, desert pavement, and hardpan, where plant growth is minimal and there are wide or long stretches of open sandy soil. Their preference for slipfaces may be based on their ability to outrun heavier predators up the loose sand due to their fringed toes, and the ease with which the sliding sand obscures their entry point. (FD) relative to demographic and environmental variables. Using the residuals resulting from the regression9 of 26). If a predator seizes the tail it easily detaches, a process known as autotomy. P Roy. All rights reserved.ight distance covered by lizards before burying was inversely related to body size, and). Costs of refuge use affect escape decisions of Iberian rockopez, P., 2003. Several of the lizards we followed crossedsight when they moved onto the opposite side, a tactic that woway to avoid terrestrial attackers. The greater earless lizard is found in southeastern Arizona; southern New Mexico; central, west, and south Texas into Mexico at elevations up to 5600 feet (1700 m). During our study, we didobserve lizards perched at crest tops several times. Fora sand-diving lizard, perhaps the typical notion of predation riskThe shovel-snouted sand lizard of the Namib Desert the large shifting aeolian sand dunes along a fog belt in the Namibacross sand at speed and a shoveled snout for both penetrating intomove within the sand to evade predators and extreme microcli-mate variations is a behavior that has allowed them to exploit dunetops and slipfaces, which are normally devoid of vegetation (Sand-diving is a specialized behavior that is possible becausethe aeolian dunes are well aerated, providing an adequate supply ofoxygen and loosely packed on their slipface, making them easy toto be the impetus for the evolution of a sand-diving escape strategyapproaching animals perceived as a threat, either quickly sub-or stopping while still on top of the sand to watch the threat (pers.obs.). We used a person running toward a focal squirrel (N = 122) as the threat and considered the three trees nearest the squirrel and taller than 8 m to be potential refuges. We studied the escape behavior of the sand-diving lizard using simulated predator approaches and measuring latency to burying in sand.
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